The majority of infants do not suffer serious impairment at birth. Even when an infant is born with complications, some of them disappear during subsequent development. However, less than ten per cent do have some abnormality which may not disappear, may take longer to disappear or which could pose problems. More males than females are born with anomalies mainly because of the sex chromosome or due to bigger size and bigger head of the baby. In prolonged labor or in difficult birth, the chances of neurological damage due to pressure or haemorrhage are greater for male children. Factors related to developmental deviation and infant mortality and poor resistance to infections are also more common in boys than in girls.
Anoxia or oxygen deprivation and retention of carbon dioxide during birth is something, any infant can suffer from prolonged labor or difficulties during delivery can lead to severe anoxia., brain damage, functional defects, or even death of the infant. It should be remembered that brain damage is permanent and therefore can be a cause of future mental anomaly.
Prematurity and low birthweight, in their extreme forms, are associated with intellectual impairment. Intellectual deficits associated with very low birthweight tend to be more enduring than anoxia.
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